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JAKARTA, POLITIK.ARAHKITA.COM – Wacana kenaikan parliamentary threshold kembali menuai perdebatan. Di tengah usulan ambang batas parlemen sebesar 7 persen, pakar hukum pemilu menilai pendekatan tersebut berpotensi membuang banyak suara pemilih.
Pengajar Hukum Pemilu Bidang Studi Hukum Tata Negara dari Universitas Indonesia, Titi Anggraini, menilai penerapan ambang batas fraksi justru lebih menjamin keterwakilan suara rakyat. Skema ini memungkinkan suara pemilih tetap terkonversi menjadi kursi di parlemen tanpa mengorbankan efektivitas kerja lembaga legislatif.
Menurut Titi, pendekatan factional threshold membuat demokrasi tetap inklusif karena seluruh suara tetap dihitung. Namun, pada saat yang sama, parlemen tidak otomatis terfragmentasi oleh terlalu banyak fraksi.
“Demokrasi tetap inklusif karena semua suara dihitung, tetapi parlemen tetap efektif karena tidak semua partai otomatis membentuk fraksi. Sistem kepartaian bisa terkonsolidasi tanpa mengorbankan prinsip representasi,” ujarnya saat dihubungi di Jakarta, Rabu (25/2/2026).
Ia menjelaskan, melalui ambang batas fraksi, partai kecil tetap memiliki peluang masuk parlemen. Tantangannya bukan pada pintu masuk parlemen, melainkan pada kemampuan beradaptasi di tingkat kelembagaan.
Partai kecil, kata Titi, perlu membangun konsolidasi elektoral yang kuat, memperjelas basis ideologi, menjalin koalisi fraksional, serta meningkatkan kualitas kader dan organisasi agar tetap relevan di parlemen.
Pendekatan ini, lanjutnya, bukan hal baru di Indonesia. Ambang batas fraksi pernah diterapkan pada DPR hasil Pemilu 1999 dan 2004. Bahkan, di tingkat DPRD, mekanisme serupa masih berjalan hingga saat ini.
“Ambang batas fraksi sejatinya sudah pernah diterapkan di Indonesia, baik di DPR hasil Pemilu 1999 dan 2004 maupun di DPRD sampai sekarang,” jelasnya.
Titi juga merujuk pada Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 116/PUU-XXI/2024. Menurutnya, putusan tersebut mengamanatkan desain ambang batas yang lebih konstitusional dengan memperkuat mekanisme penyederhanaan di tingkat parlemen, bukan dengan menaikkan ambang batas parlemen.
Ia menilai pendekatan ambang batas fraksi lebih sejalan dengan semangat konstitusi karena menjaga keseimbangan antara representasi dan efektivitas pemerintahan.
Bahkan, Titi menegaskan bahwa penghapusan parliamentary threshold sekalipun tidak serta-merta menjadi masalah jika ambang batas fraksi diterapkan secara konsisten. Seluruh suara pemilih tetap dapat terkonversi menjadi representasi politik.
“Tanpa ambang batas parlemen pun, suara pemilih tetap bisa terwakili melalui pendekatan ambang batas fraksi,” katanya dikutip Antara.
Dengan demikian, ia menyimpulkan bahwa penyederhanaan sistem kepartaian di parlemen tidak harus ditempuh melalui kenaikan parliamentary threshold.
“Pendekatan yang lebih proporsional dan konstitusional adalah memperkuat ambang batas fraksi. Suara pemilih tetap terlindungi, fragmentasi politik bisa dikendalikan, dan demokrasi tetap inklusif sekaligus efektif,” pungkasnya.