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Ilustrasi korupsi. (Foto: Ilustrasi: Edi Wahyono/kompasiana)
Oleh: Thomas Koten
Penulis ada Analis Sosial dan Politik
KORUPSI merupakan sebuah penyakit sosial yang semakin menahun di negeri ini. Dari hari ke hari penyakit menahun korupsi terus merusak sendi-sendi kehidupan masyarakat bangsa ini. Moralitas kebersamaan dalam kehidupan berbangsa semakin hancur oleh karena penyebaran penyakit sosial korupsi tersebut. Ngerinya, penyakit korupsi ini telah berkembang menjadi sebuah budaya, adalah budaya korupsi, sehingga menjadi budaya tanpa moral.
Budaya buruk ini tidak lain sebagai ekspresi dari ketidakpedulian sosial dan lunturnya rasa hormat dan putusnya urat malu terhadap orang lain, bahkan terhadap kerabat dan keluarga sendiri. Selain itu, korupsi itu muncul dari watak keserakahan yang tidak terkendali. Keserakahan itu juga muncul akibat telah rusaknya hati nurani.Kondisi itulah yang membuat kehidupan sosial masyarakat bangsa ini secara sadar atau tidak, sudah mewujud dalam suatu budaya yang abnormal. Ini yang memprihatinkan.
Psikososial Korupsi
Karena korupsi telah menjadi suatu penyakit sosial masyarakat, maka korupsi mau tidak mau harus dipahami sebagai persoalan psikososial masyarakat, watak masyarakat, perilaku masyarakat, yang di dalamnya terkandung unsur-unsur kejiwaan masyarakat Indonesia. Tatkala tuntutan hidup material dalam masyarakat bertambah tinggi, maka kecenderungan korupsi dalam masyarakat akan bertambah tinggi pula.
Robert Merton dalam bukunya Social Theory and Social Structur tahun 1957 mengatakan, korupsi termotivasi oleh sikap yang berasal dari tekanan sosial yang mendorong orang untuk melakukan pelanggaran-pelanggaran norma dan nilai-nilai luhur dalam masyarakat. Dalam sebuah masyarakat yang materialistis kecenderungan korupsi lebih tinggi daripada masyarakat yang kurang materialistis.
Merton, menegaskan negara-negara yang belum terlalu makmur, tetapi memiliki motivasi yang tinggi untuk cepat makmur, masyarakatnya paling mudah melakukan korupsi. Pada tahun 1957 saat diterbitkannya buku tersebut, dikatakan negara-negara yang belum terlalu makmur saat itu seperti Rusia, Korea Selatan, dan Turki, masuk dalam kelompok negara-negara yang masyarakatnya banyak korupsi. Karena tuntutan hidup makmur negara-negara tersebut saat itu sangat tinggi. Sedangkan negara-negara seperti Denmark, Norwegia dan Swedia yang saat itu tidak terlalu korup karena tuntutan akan kemakmuran saat itu tidak tinggi.
Bagaimana dengan Indonesia, perlu ditelaah. Pada pertengahan Orde Baru, di mana geliat pembangunan saat itu tinggi, sehingga orientasi ingin cepat kaya juga sangat tinggi, maka sejak saat itu korupsi di negeri ini menanjak naik. Bahkan, kejahatan seperti perampokan juga sangat tinggi ketika itu akibat punya keinginan akan cepat kaya. Ujung dari fenomena korupsi ini adalah bahwa Indonesia yang saat itu dijuluki sebagai “macan Asia” dalam bidang ekonomi, tetapi tidak lama kemudian, hancur lebur di akhir era Orde Baru.
Bahkan, bukan hanya korupsi, melainkan budaya sogok menyogok juga sangat tinggi, tak ketinggalan nepotisme dan kolusi juga ikut merebak. Itu tidak lain karena psikososial masyarakat yang ingin cepat kaya. Kekayaan pun menjadi standarisasi status sosial seseorang dalam masyarakat. Nilai manusia dilihat dari seberapa kekayaan materi yang dimilikinya.
Korupsi harus Diberantas
Banyak cara untuk mencegah terus menjalarnya penyakit korupsi tersebut. Hingga kini memang sudah banyak koruptor yang digiring ke balik terali besi. Namun, sebenarnya aksi korupsi masih terus bekerja saat ini. Istilahnya, ibarat gunung es, koruptor yang terciduk belum seberapa, yang kelihatan baru sendikit, sedang aksi korupsi masih terus berkembang dengan sangat pesat.
Cara lain, pendidikan moral harus terus digalakkan, dan harus dimulai dari keluarga. Pembaharuan mental harus terus dilakukan. Cara pandang terhadap nilai-nilai kehidupan juga harus diubah. Pendidikan agama yang lebih menekankan aspek spiritual harus dikembangkan.
Dengan itu kita harapkan bisa tumbuh jiwa-jiwa baru yang penuh moral di negeri ini. Itu harus tumbuh dari keluarga lalu berkembang ke masyarakat.